IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i23p15871-d987243.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Leadership Bias among Primary Healthcare Professionals in Saudi Arabia

Author

Listed:
  • Fahad Alzahrani

    (Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia)

  • Khalid Al-Mansour

    (Department of Studies and Research, King Abdulaziz Center for National Dialogue, Riyadh 13312, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ghadah Alarifi

    (College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia)

  • Saad Alyahya

    (Riyadh Third Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11622, Saudi Arabia)

  • Nasser AlMehaizie

    (Department of Studies and Research, King Abdulaziz Center for National Dialogue, Riyadh 13312, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hanaa Almoaibed

    (King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, Riyadh 12212, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

(1) Background: Women have become more influential and powerful; however, implicit bias continues to plague organizations when it comes to women in leadership positions. This study examines the implicit and explicit biases that favor men as leaders among Saudi Arabian primary healthcare professionals. (2) Methods: A secure, web-based survey was administered to primary healthcare professionals. The survey included questions about leadership as well as an Implicit Association Test (IAT) for implicit gender bias. (3) Results: Out of 690 eligible, 448 respondents completed the survey, representing a response rate of 65%. Male residents had a mean IAT score of 0.27 (SD 0.31) and females 0.12 (SD 0.29), both favoring males in leadership roles, and the difference was statistically significant. There was a significant association between gender and gender IAT. In the explicit bias, gender, education, gender of the current manager, and being manager were associated with the gender explicit bias. Explicit bias favoring males in leadership roles was associated with increased implicit bias favoring males in leadership roles. (4) Conclusions: This study found that explicit and implicit gender bias is present among primary healthcare professionals favoring men in leadership positions held by both men and women.

Suggested Citation

  • Fahad Alzahrani & Khalid Al-Mansour & Ghadah Alarifi & Saad Alyahya & Nasser AlMehaizie & Hanaa Almoaibed, 2022. "Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Leadership Bias among Primary Healthcare Professionals in Saudi Arabia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-13, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:23:p:15871-:d:987243
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/23/15871/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/23/15871/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Afaf Awad Alsubhi & Kazi Enamul Hoque & Ahmad Zabidi Abdul Razak, 2018. "Workplace Barriers and Leadership Conflicts Experienced by the Women in Higher Education in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Learning and Development, Macrothink Institute, vol. 8(2), pages 1-17, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.

      Corrections

      All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:23:p:15871-:d:987243. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

      If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

      If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

      If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

      For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

      Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

      IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.