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Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Risk Associated with Squats: A Systematic Review

Author

Listed:
  • Pablo Monteiro Pereira

    (Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal)

  • João Santos Baptista

    (Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal)

  • Filipe Conceição

    (Center for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D/LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal)

  • Joana Duarte

    (Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal)

  • João Ferraz

    (Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal)

  • José Torres Costa

    (Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA/LAETA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal)

Abstract

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is highly prevalent; it can cause severe pain and evolve into progressive functional loss, leading to difficulties performing daily tasks such as climbing and descending stairs and squatting. This systematic review aimed to find evidence, in the literature, of squat movements that can cause or worsen PFPS. This work was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, and its protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019128711). From the 6570 collected records, 37 were included. From these 37 articles, 27 present a causal relationship between knee flexion and PFPS, 8 describe a relationship, considering the greater existence of muscle contractions, and one article did not describe this relationship in its results. The main limitations stem from the fact that different studies used different evaluation parameters to compare the force exerted on the patellofemoral joint. Furthermore, most studies are focused on sports populations. After analysing the included works, it was concluded that all squat exercises can cause tension overload in the knee, especially with a knee flexion between 60° and 90° degrees. The main causal/worsening factors of PFPS symptoms are the knee translocation forward the toes (on the same body side) when flexing the knee, and the muscle imbalance between the thigh muscles.

Suggested Citation

  • Pablo Monteiro Pereira & João Santos Baptista & Filipe Conceição & Joana Duarte & João Ferraz & José Torres Costa, 2022. "Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Risk Associated with Squats: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-29, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:9241-:d:874379
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Pablo Monteiro Pereira & João Amaro & Bruno Tillmann Ribeiro & Ana Gomes & Paulo De Oliveira & Joana Duarte & João Ferraz & João Santos Baptista & José Torres Costa, 2021. "Musculoskeletal Disorders’ Classification Proposal for Application in Occupational Medicine," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-11, August.
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