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Diabetes Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Women in a Rural District of Nepal Using HbA1c as a Diagnostic Tool: A Population-Based Study

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  • Chandra Yogal

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Department of Community Program, Kathmandu University School of Medical Science, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal)

  • Sunila Shakya

    (Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal)

  • Biraj Karmarcharya

    (Department of Community Program, Kathmandu University School of Medical Science, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal)

  • Rajendra Koju

    (Department of Internal Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal)

  • Astrid Kamilla Stunes

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Mats Peder Mosti

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Miriam K. Gustafsson

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Regional Education Center, Helse Midt-Norge, 7030 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Bjørn Olav Åsvold

    (K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Berit Schei

    (Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Unni Syversen

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway)

Abstract

Given the scarcity of data on diabetes prevalence and associated risk factors among women in rural Nepal, we aimed to examine this, using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as a diagnostic tool. A cross-sectional survey addressing reproductive health and non-communicable diseases was conducted in 2012–2013 among non-pregnant, married women in Bolde, a rural district of Nepal. HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) was used as diagnostic criterion for diabetes, a cut-off of 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) was used to increase the specificity. HbA1c was measured in 757 women (17–86 years). The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was 13.5% and 38.5%, respectively. When using 7.0% as a cut-off, the prevalence of diabetes was 5.8%. Aging, intake of instant noodles and milk and vegetarian food (ns) were associated with increased risk for diabetes. Waist circumference was higher among women with diabetes, although not significant. The women were uneducated (87.6%), and only 12% had heard about diabetes. In conclusion, we observed a higher prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes than anticipated among rural, Nepalese women. The increased risk was mainly attributed to dietary factors. In contrast to most previous studies in Nepal, we used HbA1c as diagnostic criterion.

Suggested Citation

  • Chandra Yogal & Sunila Shakya & Biraj Karmarcharya & Rajendra Koju & Astrid Kamilla Stunes & Mats Peder Mosti & Miriam K. Gustafsson & Bjørn Olav Åsvold & Berit Schei & Unni Syversen, 2022. "Diabetes Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Women in a Rural District of Nepal Using HbA1c as a Diagnostic Tool: A Population-Based Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-15, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:12:p:7011-:d:834029
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nirmal Aryal & Mark Weatherall & Yadav Kumar Deo Bhatta & Stewart Mann, 2017. "Lipid Profiles, Glycated Hemoglobin, and Diabetes in People Living at High Altitude in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Dengfeng Gao & Ning Ning & Congxia Wang & Yuhuan Wang & Qing Li & Zhe Meng & Yang Liu & Qiang Li, 2013. "Dairy Products Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(9), pages 1-15, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    Keywords

    diabetes; HbA1c; risk factors; instant noodles; women; rural; Nepal; prevalence;
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