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Athletes’ Self-Assessment of Urine Color Using Two Color Charts to Determine Urine Concentration

Author

Listed:
  • Floris C. Wardenaar

    (College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA)

  • Daniel Thompsett

    (College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA)

  • Kaila A. Vento

    (College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA)

  • Kathryn Pesek

    (College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA)

  • Dean Bacalzo

    (Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
    Michael Graves College, Wenzhou-Kean University, No.88 Daxue Road, Ouhai District, Wenzhou 325060, China)

Abstract

Our objective was to determine self-reported accuracy of an athletic population using two different urine color (Uc) charts (8-color vs. 7-color Uc chart). After approval by the Institutional Review Board, members of an athletic population (n = 189, 20 (19–22) year old student- or tactical athletes and coaches, with n = 99 males and n = 90 females) scored their Uc using two charts. To determine the diagnostic value of Uc, results were compared with urine concentration (osmolality and urine specific gravity, USG). Uc was scored slightly darker with the 8-color vs. 7-color Uc chart (2.2 ± 1.2 vs. 2.0 ± 1.2, respectively, p < 0.001), with a moderate correlation between charts ( r = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.69–0.81). Bland-Altman analysis showed a weak reporting bias ( r = 0.15, p = 0.04). The area under the curve for correct urine sample classification ranged between 0.74 and 0.86. Higher accuracy for both methods was found when Uc scores were compared to USG over osmolality, indicated by 4.8–14.8% range in difference between methods. The optimal Uc cut-off value to assess a low vs. a high urine concentration for both Uc charts varied in this study between 1 and ≤2 while accuracy for charts was similar up to 77% when compared to USG.

Suggested Citation

  • Floris C. Wardenaar & Daniel Thompsett & Kaila A. Vento & Kathryn Pesek & Dean Bacalzo, 2021. "Athletes’ Self-Assessment of Urine Color Using Two Color Charts to Determine Urine Concentration," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-11, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:8:p:4126-:d:535575
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Joana F. Reis & Catarina N. Matias & Francesco Campa & José P. Morgado & Paulo Franco & Pedro Quaresma & Nuno Almeida & Dalia Curto & Stefania Toselli & Cristina P. Monteiro, 2020. "Bioimpedance Vector Patterns Changes in Response to Swimming Training: An Ecological Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-10, July.
    2. Kenney, E.L. & Long, M.W. & Cradock, A.L. & Gortmaker, S.L., 2015. "Prevalence of inadequate hydration among US children and disparities by gender and race/ethnicity: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2012," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 105(8), pages 113-118.
    3. Francesco Campa & Alessandro Piras & Milena Raffi & Aurelio Trofè & Monica Perazzolo & Gabriele Mascherini & Stefania Toselli, 2020. "The Effects of Dehydration on Metabolic and Neuromuscular Functionality during Cycling," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-10, February.
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