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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Author

Listed:
  • Gunnar Einvik

    (Pulmonary Department, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
    Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway)

  • Toril Dammen

    (Department of Behavioral Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway)

  • Waleed Ghanima

    (Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
    Haematology and Oncology, Østfold Hospital Trust Kalnes, 1714 Grålum, Norway)

  • Trond Heir

    (Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
    Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, 0484 Oslo, Norway)

  • Knut Stavem

    (Pulmonary Department, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
    Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
    Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway)

Abstract

This population-based study assessed the prevalence and determinants of symptom-defined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a cohort of hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients about 1.5–6 months after their COVID-19 onset. The data were acquired from two mixed postal/web surveys in June–September 2020 from patients all aged ≥18 years with a positive polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) until 1 June 2020, comprising both hospitalized and non-hospitalized subjects. The catchment areas of the two included hospitals covers about 17% of the population of Norway. In total, 211 hospitalized and 938 non-hospitalized subjects received invitation. The prevalence of symptom-defined PTSD was assessed using the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Determinants of symptom-defined PTSD and PTSD symptoms were analyzed using multivariable logistic and linear regression analysis. In total, 583 (51%) subjects responded at median 116 (range 41–200) days after COVID-19 onset. The prevalence of symptom-defined PTSD was 9.5% in hospitalized and 7.0% in non-hospitalized subjects ( p = 0.80). Female sex, born outside of Norway, and dyspnea during COVID-19 were risk factors for persistent PTSD symptoms. In non-hospitalized subjects, previous depression and COVID-19 symptom load were also associated with persistent PTSD symptoms. In conclusion, COVID-19 symptom load, but not hospitalization, was associated with symptom-defined PTSD and PTSD symptom severity.

Suggested Citation

  • Gunnar Einvik & Toril Dammen & Waleed Ghanima & Trond Heir & Knut Stavem, 2021. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-12, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:2079-:d:503009
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tore Bonsaksen & Trond Heir & Inger Schou-Bredal & Øivind Ekeberg & Laila Skogstad & Tine K. Grimholt, 2020. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Factors during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Norway," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-9, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Wei Song & Taiyang Zhao & Ershuai Huang, 2022. "How Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect People’s Willingness to Pay for Health in the Short and Long Term? A Longitudinal Study during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-11, January.
    2. Ellen Moseholm & Julie Midtgaard & Signe Bollerup & Ása D. Apol & Oskar B. Olesen & Sofie Jespersen & Nina Weis, 2022. "Psychological Distress among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Denmark during the First 12 Months of the Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-17, August.
    3. Paulina Beata Golińska & Mariusz Cieślak & Olimpia Hubert & Mariola Bidzan, 2021. "Mental Health and the Symptoms of PTSD in People with Depression and Anxiety Disorders during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-14, May.
    4. Riccardo Serra & Cristian Borrazzo & Paolo Vassalini & Chiara Di Nicolantonio & Alexia E. Koukopoulos & Cecilia Tosato & Flavio Cherubini & Francesco Alessandri & Giancarlo Ceccarelli & Claudio Maria , 2022. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Trajectories the Year after COVID-19 Hospitalization," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-13, July.

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