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A Renewed Outbreak of the COVID−19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study of Distress, Resilience, and Subjective Well-Being

Author

Listed:
  • Shaul Kimhi

    (Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel-Hai College, Northern Galilee 1220800, Israel)

  • Yohanan Eshel

    (Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel-Hai College, Northern Galilee 1220800, Israel
    Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel)

  • Hadas Marciano

    (Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel-Hai College, Northern Galilee 1220800, Israel
    Ergonomics and Human Factors Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel)

  • Bruria Adini

    (Department of Emergency Management and Disaster Management School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel)

Abstract

Considering the potential impact of COVID-19 on the civil society, a longitudinal study was conducted to identify levels of distress, resilience, and the subjective well-being of the population. The study is based on two repeated measurements conducted at the end of the pandemic’s “first wave” and the beginning of the “second wave” on a sample ( n = 906) of Jewish Israeli respondents, who completed an online questionnaire distributed by an Internet panel company. Three groups of indicators were assessed: signs of distress (sense of danger, distress symptoms, and perceived threats), resilience (individual, community, and national), and subjective well-being (well-being, hope, and morale). Results indicated the following: (a) a significant increase in distress indicators, with effect sizes of sense of danger, distress symptoms, and perceived threats (Cohen’s d 0.614, 0.120, and 0.248, respectively); (b) a significant decrease in resilience indicators, with effect sizes of individual, community, and national resilience (Cohen’s d 0.153, 0.428, and 0.793, respectively); and (c) a significant decrease in subjective well-being indicators with effect sizes of well-being, hope, and morale (Cohen’s d 0.116, 0.336, and 0.199, respectively). To conclude, COVID-19 had a severe, large-scale impact on the civil society, leading to multidimensional damage and a marked decrease in the individual, community, and national resilience of the population.

Suggested Citation

  • Shaul Kimhi & Yohanan Eshel & Hadas Marciano & Bruria Adini, 2020. "A Renewed Outbreak of the COVID−19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study of Distress, Resilience, and Subjective Well-Being," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-13, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:21:p:7743-:d:433423
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Maurizio Gorgoni & Serena Scarpelli & Valentina Alfonsi & Ludovica Annarumma & Elisa Pellegrini & Elisabetta Fasiello & Susanna Cordone & Aurora D’Atri & Federico Salfi & Giulia Amicucci & Michele Fer, 2022. "The Oneiric Activity during and after the COVID-19 Total Lockdown in Italy: A Longitudinal Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Lina Martínez & Eduardo Lora & Andres David Espada, 2022. "The Consequences of the Pandemic for Subjective Well-Being: Data for Improving Policymaking," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-20, December.
    3. Orit Taubman–Ben-Ari & Miriam Chasson & Hilit Erel-Brodsky & Salam Abu-Sharkia & Vera Skvirsky & Eran Horowitz, 2022. "Contributors to COVID-19-Related Childbirth Anxiety among Pregnant Women in Two Pandemic Waves," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.
    4. Hadas Marciano & Yohanan Eshel & Shaul Kimhi & Bruria Adini, 2022. "Hope and Fear of Threats as Predictors of Coping with Two Major Adversities, the COVID-19 Pandemic and an Armed Conflict," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-13, January.
    5. Francesca Giorgia Paleari & Irem Ertan & Lucrezia Cavagnis & Silvia Donato, 2023. "Family Resilience and Dyadic Coping during the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Their Protective Role in Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(18), pages 1-25, September.
    6. Arielle Kaim & Maya Siman-Tov & Eli Jaffe & Bruria Adini, 2021. "From Isolation to Containment: Perceived Fear of Infectivity and Protective Behavioral Changes during the COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-12, June.
    7. Anne Marie Novak & Adi Katz & Michal Bitan & Shahar Lev-Ari, 2022. "The Association between the Sense of Coherence and the Self-Reported Adherence to Guidelines during the First Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-13, June.
    8. Alexander Maget & Melanie Lenger & Susanne A. Bengesser & Armin Birner & Frederike T. Fellendorf & Eva Fleischmann & Jorgos N. Lang & Martina Platzer & Robert Queissner & Michaela Ratzenhofer & Elena , 2022. "Influences of COVID-19 Work-Related Fears and Anhedonia on Resilience of Workers in the Health Sector during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-12, December.
    9. Anne Pignault & Emilie Vayre & Claude Houssemand, 2022. "What Do They Want from a Career? University Students’ Future Career Expectations and Resources in a Health Crisis Context," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-17, December.
    10. Yohanan Eshel & Shaul Kimhi & Hadas Marciano & Bruria Adini, 2021. "Morale and Perceived Threats as Predictors of Psychological Coping with Distress in Pandemic and Armed Conflict Times," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-12, August.

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