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Association between Serum Vitamin Levels and Depression in U.S. Adults 20 Years or Older Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006

Author

Listed:
  • Xiaomin Huang

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    The first three authors contributed equally to this study and they should be regarded as joint first authors.)

  • Yun Fan

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    The first three authors contributed equally to this study and they should be regarded as joint first authors.)

  • Xiumei Han

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    The first three authors contributed equally to this study and they should be regarded as joint first authors.)

  • Zhenyao Huang

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China)

  • Mingming Yu

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China)

  • Yan Zhang

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China)

  • Qiaoqiao Xu

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China)

  • Xiuzhu Li

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China)

  • Xinru Wang

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China)

  • Chuncheng Lu

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China)

  • Yankai Xia

    (State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
    Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China)

Abstract

Depression is one of the leading causes of disability around the world. Although several studies have been conducted to analyze the association between vitamins and depression, the results have been inconsistent. Based on the database of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2005–2006), a cross-sectional analysis was conducted to uncover the correlations between serum vitamin concentrations and depression in 2791 participants over 20 years of age. Vitamin concentrations in serum were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a standardized liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or radioassay kit method. A nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression symptoms. The binary logistic regression model was applied to analyze the association between vitamins and depression. In the whole population, negative associations were discovered between folate concentrations ( p for trend = 0.02), trans -β-carotene ( p for trend = 0.01) and depression, while positive associations were found among vitamin B12 concentrations ( p for trend = 0.008), vitamin A concentrations ( p for trend = 0.01) and depression. In order to evaluate the influence of gender on the pathogenesis of depression of vitamins exposure, we performed gender-stratified analysis. In females, folate concentrations ( p for trend = 0.03) and vitamin B12 concentrations ( p for trend = 0.02) were correlated with depression. In males, no significant association was found between depression and serum vitamin concentrations. The correlation of vitamins with depression deserves further investigation in larger and diverse populations, especially in females.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiaomin Huang & Yun Fan & Xiumei Han & Zhenyao Huang & Mingming Yu & Yan Zhang & Qiaoqiao Xu & Xiuzhu Li & Xinru Wang & Chuncheng Lu & Yankai Xia, 2018. "Association between Serum Vitamin Levels and Depression in U.S. Adults 20 Years or Older Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-17, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:6:p:1215-:d:151576
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kerri Smith, 2014. "Mental health: A world of depression," Nature, Nature, vol. 515(7526), pages 180-181, November.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    NHANES; vitamin; depression; vitamin B12; folate;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • B12 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - History of Economic Thought through 1925 - - - Classical (includes Adam Smith)

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