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Protozoan Parasites in Drinking Water: A System Approach for Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Alua Omarova

    (Department of Nutrition and General Hygiene, Karaganda State Medical University, Gogol Street 40, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan)

  • Kamshat Tussupova

    (Department of International Cooperation and Bologna Process, Karaganda State Medical University, Gogol Street 40, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan
    Division of Water Resources Engineering & Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden)

  • Ronny Berndtsson

    (Division of Water Resources Engineering & Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden)

  • Marat Kalishev

    (Department of Nutrition and General Hygiene, Karaganda State Medical University, Gogol Street 40, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan)

  • Kulyash Sharapatova

    (Department of Surgery, Gynecology and Pediatry, Semey State Medical University, Pavlodar Branch, Toraigyrov Street 72/1, Pavlodar 140000, Kazakhstan)

Abstract

Improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are significant in preventing diarrhea morbidity and mortality caused by protozoa in low- and middle-income countries. Due to the intimate and complex relationships between the different WASH components, it is often necessary to improve not just one but all of these components to have sustainable results. The objective of this paper was to review the current state of WASH-related health problems caused by parasitic protozoa by: giving an overview and classification of protozoa and their effect on people’s health, discussing different ways to improve accessibility to safe drinking water, sanitation services and personal hygiene behavior; and suggesting an institutional approach to ensure improved WASH. The findings indicate that Giardia and Cryptosporidium are more often identified during waterborne or water-washed outbreaks and they are less sensitive than most of the bacteria and viruses to conventional drinking water and wastewater treatment methods. There are various institutions of control and prevention of water-related diseases caused by protozoa in developed countries. Unfortunately, the developing regions do not have comparable systems. Consequently, the institutional and systems approach to WASH is necessary in these countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Alua Omarova & Kamshat Tussupova & Ronny Berndtsson & Marat Kalishev & Kulyash Sharapatova, 2018. "Protozoan Parasites in Drinking Water: A System Approach for Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-18, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:3:p:495-:d:135836
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Shahira A. Ahmed & Panagiotis Karanis, 2020. "Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-34, September.
    2. Antonia Bruno & Giulia Agostinetto & Sara Fumagalli & Giulia Ghisleni & Anna Sandionigi, 2022. "It’s a Long Way to the Tap: Microbiome and DNA-Based Omics at the Core of Drinking Water Quality," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Monika Sučik & Alexandra Valenčáková, 2022. "Comparison of Chemical and Biological Methods of Filtering Cryptosporidia from Water," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-11, October.
    4. Alua Omarova & Kamshat Tussupova & Peder Hjorth & Marat Kalishev & Raushan Dosmagambetova, 2019. "Water Supply Challenges in Rural Areas: A Case Study from Central Kazakhstan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-14, February.

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