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Occupational Exposure to Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. among Spray Irrigation Workers Using Reclaimed Water

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  • Rachel E. Rosenberg Goldstein

    (Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA)

  • Shirley A. Micallef

    (Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
    Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
    Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA)

  • Shawn G. Gibbs

    (Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA)

  • Xin He

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA)

  • Ashish George

    (Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA)

  • Amir Sapkota

    (Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA)

  • Sam W. Joseph

    (Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
    Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA)

  • Amy R. Sapkota

    (Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA)

Abstract

As reclaimed water use expands, it is important to evaluate potential occupational health risks from exposure to this alternative water source. We compared odds of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and vancomycin-susceptible enterococci (VSE) between spray irrigation workers using reclaimed water and office worker controls. Nasal and dermal swabs from 19 spray irrigation workers and 24 office worker controls were collected and analyzed for MRSA, MSSA, VRE, and VSE. Isolates were confirmed using standard biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Sensititre ® microbroth dilution. Data were analyzed by two-sample proportion, chi-square, Fisher’s exact tests, and logistic regression. No MRSA or VRE were detected in any samples. MSSA was detected in 26% and 29% of spray irrigators and controls, respectively. VSE was detected in 11% and 0% of spray irrigation workers and controls, respectively. The adjusted odds of MSSA, multidrug-resistant MSSA, and either MSSA or VSE colonization were greater among spray irrigation workers, however results were not statistically significant. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further evaluate this relationship.

Suggested Citation

  • Rachel E. Rosenberg Goldstein & Shirley A. Micallef & Shawn G. Gibbs & Xin He & Ashish George & Amir Sapkota & Sam W. Joseph & Amy R. Sapkota, 2014. "Occupational Exposure to Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. among Spray Irrigation Workers Using Reclaimed Water," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-16, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:11:y:2014:i:4:p:4340-4355:d:35238
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Durand, R. & Schwebach, G., 1989. "Gastrointestinal effects of water reuse of public park irrigation," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 79(12), pages 1659-1660.
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    Cited by:

    1. Johann P. Addicks & Stefanie Uibel & Anna-Maria Jensen & Matthias Bundschuh & Doris Klingelhoefer & David A. Groneberg, 2014. "MRSA: A Density-Equalizing Mapping Analysis of the Global Research Architecture," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-11, September.

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