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A Review of Vaccine Approaches for West Nile Virus

Author

Listed:
  • Arun V. Iyer

    (Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
    Current Address: Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Suite 1000, Ames, IA 50010, USA.)

  • Konstantin G. Kousoulas

    (Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA)

Abstract

The West Nile virus (WNC) first appeared in North America in 1999. The North American lineages of WNV were characterized by the presence of neuroinvasive and neurovirulent strains causing disease and death in humans, birds and horses. The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in the number of neuroinvasive cases and deaths similar to what was seen in the 2002–2003 season, according to the West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to the CDC by year and clinical presentation, 1999–2012, by ArboNET (Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In addition, the establishment and recent spread of lineage II WNV virus strains into Western Europe and the presence of neurovirulent and neuroinvasive strains among them is a cause of major concern. This review discusses the advances in the development of vaccines and biologicals to combat human and veterinary West Nile disease.

Suggested Citation

  • Arun V. Iyer & Konstantin G. Kousoulas, 2013. "A Review of Vaccine Approaches for West Nile Virus," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-24, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:10:y:2013:i:9:p:4200-4223:d:28683
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Grant E. Nybakken & Theodore Oliphant & Syd Johnson & Stephen Burke & Michael S. Diamond & Daved H. Fremont, 2005. "Structural basis of West Nile virus neutralization by a therapeutic antibody," Nature, Nature, vol. 437(7059), pages 764-769, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Andriani Marka & Alexandros Diamantidis & Anna Papa & George Valiakos & Serafeim C. Chaintoutis & Dimitrios Doukas & Persefoni Tserkezou & Alexios Giannakopoulos & Konstantinos Papaspyropoulos & Eleni, 2013. "West Nile Virus State of the Art Report of MALWEST Project," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-77, December.

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