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Sustaining Battery Life: Deep-Cycle Lead-Acid Battery Through Acoustic Simulation and System Modeling

Author

Listed:
  • Napski Rudolph A. Pacleb

    (Advanced Batteries Center, Technological Institute of the Philippines, Quezon City 1109, Philippines)

  • Alexis A. Ardiente

    (Advanced Batteries Center, Technological Institute of the Philippines, Quezon City 1109, Philippines)

  • Gerard Francesco D. G. Apolinario

    (Advanced Batteries Center, Technological Institute of the Philippines, Quezon City 1109, Philippines
    Electrical Engineering Department, Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila 1001, Philippines)

Abstract

Deep-Cycle Lead-Acid Batteries (DCLA) are widely known in stationary applications such as backup power and off-grid systems. However, their faster capacity decline compared to emerging batteries limits their efficiency and lifespan. This research investigates the potential of ultrasonication to enhance the performance of DCLA by reducing sulfation and internal resistance, thereby improving capacity retention and state of health (SOH). A system-level MATLAB/Simulink model was created to simulate a photovoltaic (PV) system under three load conditions: constant, variable, and realistic load. An ultrasonic device operating at 1700 kHz was implemented during the charging phase, and simulations were conducted to evaluate systems before and after ultrasonication. State of charge (SoC) and battery voltage were performance measures over 31 days. The results showed that the ultrasonication system maintained an average SoC up to twice that of the control system (78.8% vs. 37.9%) and sustained a higher average voltage (13.2 V vs. 12.6 V). Under realistic light-load conditions, the test system retained energy better and had a 38.37% percentage improvement. These findings indicate that ultrasonic integration is a viable retrofitting strategy to improve DCLA operation, particularly for off-grid and renewable energy storage applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Napski Rudolph A. Pacleb & Alexis A. Ardiente & Gerard Francesco D. G. Apolinario, 2025. "Sustaining Battery Life: Deep-Cycle Lead-Acid Battery Through Acoustic Simulation and System Modeling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-20, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:21:p:5576-:d:1778307
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Amaal Habeeb & Hashim Hizam & Mohammad Lutfi Othman & Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab & Wesam Rohouma, 2023. "Design Simulation and Performance Evaluation of a Standalone Photovoltaic System for a Health Care Facility in Malaysia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-21, July.
    2. Narate Charlangsut & Nattachote Rugthaicharoencheep, 2025. "Enhancing Voltage and Power Stability in Distribution System with Photovoltaic from the Benefits of Battery Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-16, January.
    3. Jose-Maria Delgado-Sanchez & Isidoro Lillo-Bravo, 2020. "Influence of Degradation Processes in Lead–Acid Batteries on the Technoeconomic Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-28, August.
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