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Chemical Composition and Corrosion—Contributions to a Sustainable Use of Geothermal Water

Author

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  • Ioana Maior

    (Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independenţei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Gabriela Elena Badea

    (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, 1 Universităţii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania
    National Centre of Geothermal Research, University of Oradea, 1 Universităţii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania)

  • Oana Delia Stănășel

    (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, 1 Universităţii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania)

  • Mioara Sebeșan

    (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, 1 Universităţii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania
    National Centre of Geothermal Research, University of Oradea, 1 Universităţii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania)

  • Anca Cojocaru

    (Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independenţei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Anda Ioana Graţiela Petrehele

    (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, 1 Universităţii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania)

  • Petru Creț

    (National Centre of Geothermal Research, University of Oradea, 1 Universităţii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania)

  • Cristian Felix Blidar

    (Department of Biology, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, 1 Universităţii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania)

Abstract

The utilization of geothermal resources as renewable energy is a subject of interest for the regions that possess these resources. The exploitation of geothermal energy must consider local geological conditions and an integrated approach, which should include practical studies on the chemistry of geothermal waters and their effect on thermal installations. Geothermal waters from Bihor County, Romania, have a variable composition, depending on the crossed geological layers, but also on pressure and temperature. Obviously, water transport and heat transfer are involved in all applications of geothermal waters. This article aims to characterize certain geothermal waters from the point of view of composition and corrosion if used as a thermal agent. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and UV–Vis spectroscopy were employed to analyze water specimens. Chemical composition includes calcite (CaCO 3 ), chalcedony (SiO 2 ), goethite (FeO(OH)), and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), which confirms the corrosion and scale potential of these waters. Corrosion resistance of mild carbon steel, commonly used as pipe material, was studied by the gravimetric method and through electrochemical methodologies, including chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization method, and open circuit potential measurement (OCP). Statistical analysis shows that the medium corrosion rate of S235 steel, expressed as penetration rate, is between 0.136 mm/year to 0.615 mm/year. The OCP, EIS, and chronoamperometry experiments explain corrosion resistance through the formation of a passive layer on the surface of the metal. This study proposes an innovative methodology and a systematic algorithm for analyzing chemical processes and corrosion phenomena in geothermal installations, emphasizing the necessity of individualized assessments for each aquifer to optimize operational parameters and ensure sustainable resource utilization.

Suggested Citation

  • Ioana Maior & Gabriela Elena Badea & Oana Delia Stănășel & Mioara Sebeșan & Anca Cojocaru & Anda Ioana Graţiela Petrehele & Petru Creț & Cristian Felix Blidar, 2025. "Chemical Composition and Corrosion—Contributions to a Sustainable Use of Geothermal Water," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-27, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:14:p:3634-:d:1698124
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Konstantinos L. Katsifarakis & Yiannis N. Kontos, 2025. "Analytical Optimization of Vertical Closed-Loop Ground Source Heat Pump Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-15, January.
    2. Maria Vicidomini & Diana D’Agostino, 2022. "Geothermal Source Exploitation for Energy Saving and Environmental Energy Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-5, September.
    3. Wina Crijns-Graus & Patricia Wild & Mehdi Parvizi Amineh & Jing Hu & Hui Yue, 2022. "International Comparison of Research and Investments in New Renewable Electricity Technologies: A Focus on the European Union and China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-19, September.
    4. Anca-Paula Ciurba (Pastor) & Ionel Haidu & Dorina Ianc, 2023. "Administrative Aspects Regarding the Valorisation of Geothermal Waters for Balneological Purposes in Bihor County, Romania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-19, June.
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