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Phenolic Content and Phenolic Acid Composition of Einkorn and Emmer Ancient Wheat Cultivars—Investigation of the Effects of Various Factors

Author

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  • Gyöngyi Györéné Kis

    (ÖMKi, Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, 1038 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Szilvia Bencze

    (ÖMKi, Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, 1038 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Péter Mikó

    (HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary)

  • Magdaléna Lacko-Bartošová

    (Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia)

  • Nuri Nurlaila Setiawan

    (ÖMKi, Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, 1038 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Andrea Lugasi

    (Faculty of Commerce, Hospitality and Tourism, Budapest University of Economics and Business, 1054 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Dóra Drexler

    (ÖMKi, Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, 1038 Budapest, Hungary)

Abstract

Interest in ancient wheat species is growing because of their unique agronomic and nutritional qualities, and they could be potential sources of antioxidants. The aim of this research was to determine the total, bound, and free phenolic content (TP, FP, BP), the bound and free phenolic acid (BPA, FPA) content, and the phenolic acid (PA) composition of einkorn and emmer cultivars sourced from a two-year pesticide-free organic variety trial. TPs, FPs, and BPs were analyzed using spectrophotometry, and PAs were determined using HPLC/MS/MS. The results showed that highest mean TP, FP, and BP contents were found in an emmer cultivar, while generally, einkorn varieties had lower phytonutrient values than emmer and bread wheat control. Emmer had the highest TPA, FPA, and BPA contents, followed by control wheat and einkorn landraces. Our gap-filling research was the analysis of the individual PA values in all free and bound fractions. Ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid, followed by p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, whereas salicylic acid and caffeic acid had the lowest concentrations. In the future, we propose to continue this research to gain deeper insights into the changes in phytonutrient properties related to the growing conditions of these cultivars.

Suggested Citation

  • Gyöngyi Györéné Kis & Szilvia Bencze & Péter Mikó & Magdaléna Lacko-Bartošová & Nuri Nurlaila Setiawan & Andrea Lugasi & Dóra Drexler, 2025. "Phenolic Content and Phenolic Acid Composition of Einkorn and Emmer Ancient Wheat Cultivars—Investigation of the Effects of Various Factors," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-26, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:15:y:2025:i:9:p:985-:d:1647848
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. J. Lachman & J. Musilová & Z. Kotíková & K. Hejtmánková & M. Orsák & J. Přibyl, 2012. "Spring, einkorn and emmer wheat species - potential rich sources of free ferulic acid and other phenolic compounds," Plant, Soil and Environment, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 58(8), pages 347-353.
    2. Eszter Sugár & Nándor Fodor & Renáta Sándor & Péter Bónis & Gyula Vida & Tamás Árendás, 2019. "Spelt Wheat: An Alternative for Sustainable Plant Production at Low N-Levels," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(23), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Monika Zrcková & Ivana Capouchová & Luboš Paznocht & Marie Eliášová & Petr Dvořák & Petr Konvalina & Dagmar Janovská & Matyáš Orsák & Lucie Bečková, 2019. "Variation of the total content of polyphenols and phenolic acids in einkorn, emmer, spelt and common wheat grain as a function of genotype, wheat species and crop year," Plant, Soil and Environment, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 65(5), pages 260-266.
    4. Leszek Rachoń & Aneta Bobryk-Mamczarz & Anna Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, 2020. "Hulled Wheat Productivity and Quality in Modern Agriculture Against Conventional Wheat Species," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-13, July.
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