Developing Native Fish to Control Spirogyra in Paddy Fields for Improving the Growth, Nutrient Uptake, and Physiological Characteristics of Oryza sativa L

Oryza sativa L. is the largest food crop in the world. The harmful filamentous green algae Spirogyra in paddy fields poses a serious threat to O. sativa yield. Therefore, biological control for Spirogyra is important for sustainable agricultural development. The native fish species Acrossocheilus yunnanensis can graze on Spirogyra and exhibits strong environmental adaptability, providing a novel approach to the biological control of Spirogyra . Therefore, we designed the O. sativa + Spirogyra + A. yunnanensis co-culture system to study the effects of A. yunnanensis on O. sativa growth and physiological characteristics. The results indicated that Spirogyra stress significantly inhibited O. sativa biomass accumulation, root length and plant height development, reduced photosynthetic efficiency, and increased the contents of oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Interestingly, grazing of A. yunnanensis on Spirogyra increased the biomass of Oryza sativa by 58.60%, the root–shoot ratio by 78.01%, and the root length and plant height by 49.83% and 25.85%, respectively. Meanwhile, the soil nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 − -N), ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N), and available phosphorus (AP) were enhanced, which improved O. sativa nutrient uptake and promoted photosynthetic pigment accumulation. This was manifested by an increase in chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic (Pn), transpiration rate, stomatal conductance (Gs), and intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci). Grazing of A. yunnanensis on Spirogyra alleviated the oxidative damage to O. sativa induced by Spirogyra , as evidenced by decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) level in both leaves and roots, along with increased protein content. This provides a new strategy for constructing a rice–fish symbiotic system by using indigenous fish species, achieving Spirogyra control and sustainable agricultural development.