Energyscapes: The place-based nature of energy vulnerability in the Italian provinces

Energy poverty is a phenomenon that is closely dependent on the socio-spatial context under observation and exhibits a territorial characterization, both between and within countries. Its roots are multidimensional and inherently tied to territory, and the coexistence of these factors determines varying degrees of exposure. The aim of this study is to investigate whether and how, during the reference period of observation, territorial exposure ? related factors ? socio spatial energy vulnerability ? differs at the provincial level in Italy, thereby generating distinct clusters of energy vulnerability and related material deprivation, the energyscapes. To achieve this, we constructed a multidimensional index composed of relevant indicators, based on both a review of prior studies employing similar approaches and the available data for Italy. We then conducted a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), followed by a Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. Three cluster ? energyscapes ? emerged, delineating territorially characterized vulnerabilities founded on two key features: (i) the conurbative nature of provinces and (ii) their geographical location. Socio-economic, demographic, and housing-related vulnerabilities predominate and coexist in provinces linked to the most populous cities, illustrating a potential multiplier effect of vulnerability. Simultaneously, a clear geographical division emerges with respect to infrastructural vulnerability, which is most prevalent in central-southern regions. This finding opens up considerations on the material foundational economy of energy. Overall, our results advance the socio-spatial analysis of this phenomenon through both household -based and foundational lens, offering insights into policy implications that arise from a localized and multidimensional perspective.