The Descartes Code (Spin Orbital Rotation of Photons)–III. The Cosmological Redshift and the Hubble Constant

A new alternative model to the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric is presented based on Descartes’ code—the old color theory published in 1637. In this model, the photon spin-orbital speed is slowly decreasing in the free space of the Universe. The formulae for the wavelength, frequency, local time, momentum, energy, temperature, and photon energy dilation are presented for cosmological photons outside of a gravitational field. The Hubble constant H⊕ = 2.3195 ∗ 10−18 s−1 (= 71.572 kms−1Mpc−1) is calculated as (G M⊕)/(R⊕ c3) ∗ dcrotational/dt where G is the Newtonian gravitation constant, M⊕ is the Earth’s mass, R⊕ is the Earth’s radius, and crotational is the rotational speed of Descartes’ light “globules” without any fitting. The cosmological photons expand their wavelength in the Earth’s gravitational field based on the age of those photons determined via their redshift given as (1 + z). This newly defined Hubble constant can be falsified in the gravitational field of the Moon, and Mars. The simple formulae for the angular diameter distance dA, the luminosity distance dL, the distance modulus m—M, the concentration of galaxies at the redshift z can be tested on the recent data. E.g., the distance modulus was several times tested on the cosmological objects till their redshift z = 5 (references to those studies are given). The formula for the angular diameter distance dA was recently tested for the data taken using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) by Lovyagin et al. and the value of dA followed the data trend better than the standard model. This Descartes’ hypothesis can start a discussion of Descartes’ cosmological photons can newly explain experimental data without fitting in Euclidean space.