Revisiting the relationship between unexpected inflation and output in the presence of indexation

Purpose - This paper aims to investigate the relationship between output and unanticipated inflation when wages are indexed for the loss of purchasing power. The authors argue that the monetary authority remains useful when firms that face rigid demand index wages to compensate for the loss of purchasing power, unlike Fischer (1977), who suggested that monetary policy loses effectiveness when firms index wages. Design/methodology/approach - This paper develops a simple theoretical model followed by an empirical investigation of the relationship between output and unanticipated inflation in the presence of indexation. The theoretical model assumes a perfectly competitive firm that produces a final good that has no close substitutes using one factor, labor. The demand for the product is rigid. The empirical work considers quarterly US data from 1982Q1 to 2017Q1 and uses the Generalized Method of Moments in which endogenous variables are instrumented using their own lags. This paper further considers the period before and after the recent global financial crisis. Findings - This paper shows that unexpected inflation decreases the growth rate of output in the USA. The decrease is quantitatively and qualitatively stronger before the financial crisis than after the crisis. This finding suggests that the Federal Reserve should maintain higher expectations of inflation and then surprise the public with lower inflation rates. The results further suggest that regardless of how expectations are formed, firms and workers agree on the nominal wage that is equal to the realized marginal revenue product of labor. Originality/value - This paper sheds light on the behavior of the central bank and its relative ineffectiveness in light of the recent economic recession.