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Apertura comercial y cambio tecnológico. Efectos en el mercado laboral mexicano

Author

Listed:
  • Meza González, Liliana

    (Universidad Iberoamericana, México)

Abstract

Using data from the National Urban Employment Survey (ENEU) and the Annual Industrial Survey (EIA), this paper analyzes changes in the Mexican manufacturing labor market, and tries to relate them to the expenditure in research and development (R&D) and to trade liberalization. The analysis shows that when the effect of trade and technological change on the relative employment and wage structures is measured indirectly, trade liberalization do not seem to be the force behind the labor market changes. Moreover, it suggests that technological change is driving the variation in relative wages and employment between 1988 and 1998. When trade liberalization is measured through the value of traded items, the paper shows a negligible effect on relative employment and wages, that contradicts theoretical predictions. When trade liberalization is measured through exports and imports, separately, results are totally different. First, the effect of trade liberalization on relative employment and wages is strong and significant, and supports the neoclassical trade theory, especially when skill is proxied by occupation. The results suggest that exporting benefits the relatively abundant factor of the economy: low-skill workers, while importing benefits the relatively scare factor of the economy: highly-skilled workers. // Con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU) y de la Encuesta Industrial Anual (EIA) este trabajo analiza los cambios laborales en el sector manufacturero en México, e intenta relacionarlos con los gastos en investigación y desarrollo y con algunas medidas de apertura comercial. El trabajo muestra que cuando los efectos de la apertura comercial y el cambio tecnológico en las estructuras de empleo y salarios en México se miden de manera indirecta, la apertura comercial parece poco pertinente. En realidad, las estimaciones indirectas sugieren que el cambio tecnológico, más que la liberación comercial, es la fuerza principal detrás de los cambios laborales en el sector manufacturero mexicano en el periodo 1988-1998. Asimismo, los resultados muestran que cuando la apertura comercial se mide con el valor de las mercancías comerciadas, ésta resulta poco relevante para explicar los cambios en el mercado laboral mexicano, pero además contradice la teoría. Cuando la apertura comercial se mide mediante exportaciones e importaciones, de manera separada, los resultados son por completo distintos. En primer lugar, la apertura comercial resulta significativa para explicar los cambios en las estructuras salariales y de empleo del sector manufacturero mexicano, sobre todo cuando la calificación del trabajo se mide por medio de las ocupaciones. Los resultados sugieren que un aumento en las exportaciones beneficia al factor relativamente abundante en la economía, es decir, al trabajo menos calificado, mientras que un aumento en las importaciones beneficia al trabajo relativamente escaso de la economía, es decir, el trabajo calificado.

Suggested Citation

  • Meza González, Liliana, 2003. "Apertura comercial y cambio tecnológico. Efectos en el mercado laboral mexicano," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 0(279), pages 457-505, julio-sep.
  • Handle: RePEc:elt:journl:v:70:y:2003:i:279:p:457-505
    as

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    salarios; empleo; desigualdad; apertura comercial; cambio tecnológico;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J3 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
    • F1 - International Economics - - Trade
    • O3 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights

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