Masculinity in sociological theory: A review of practices, perspectives on analysis and challenges in the contemporary context

The relevance of the study of masculinity in sociological theory is due to the growing need to rethink gender roles and their impact on contemporary social structures. The aim of this study was to comprehensively examine masculinity in the context of contemporary social change, with a focus on its social practices and global transformations. The methodology of the article was based on a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature, comparative and sociological analysis with an intersectional approach. The research identified key trends in the study of masculinity, including cultural differences and the influence of media on the formation of gender identities. Particular attention was paid to different concepts such as hegemonic and marginalised masculinity and their relationship to issues of power and social inequality. It was found that hegemonic masculinity contributes to gender inequality, oppression of women and representatives of non-traditional forms of masculinity. Masculinity is a social construct, not a biological given, and is subject to significant change under the influence of social norms and practices. Modernity requires a rethinking of traditional gender roles and the promotion of inclusive forms of masculinity. The findings emphasise the importance of further research on masculinity for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of gender identity.