Bridging the rural–urban energy transition divide: Place-specific challenges in renewable energy transitions for vulnerable communities in the Philippines

Significant gaps remain in understanding the place-specific barriers to renewable energy transitions faced by vulnerable communities across the Philippines, particularly in relation to the rural–urban divide. This study examines the dynamics of energy transition in rural Eastern Samar and Zamboanga Sibugay, as well as in urban Metro Manila, using survey data that capture residents’ perceptions. Findings show that challenges reflect their unique vulnerabilities, resource limitations, and local contexts. Residents of Eastern Samar are concerned about the costs and reliability of renewable energy, but are generally open to the transition. In contrast, Zamboanga Sibugay residents, who are reliant on coal, show scepticism, fearing impacts on their livelihoods and traditional lifestyles. Cultural factors, like traditional cooking methods, influence perceptions in Eastern Samar. Urban respondents in Metro Manila mainly worry about the financial capital needed for adoption, with less concern about resource availability. These insights underscore the importance of viewing renewable technologies as integrated systems—encompassing hardware, software, and “orgware”—that impact community life. They emphasise the need for place-specific policies addressing rural and urban challenges. An energy justice approach, tailored to local conditions, is essential for distributing equitable benefits, fostering an inclusive energy transition that considers community vulnerabilities, cultural factors, and local resources. Such strategies can promote a just transition that benefits all societal segments, ensuring energy transformation aligns with community needs and capacities.