Integrating Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS) in mobility electrification: A structured review and future research agenda

Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS) has emerged as a transformative solution to address critical barriers to electric vehicle (EV) adoption, including high upfront battery costs, degradation risks, and charging constraints. However, existing research on BaaS remains fragmented across technological, economic, and policy domains, limiting a comprehensive understanding of how service-based battery models function and scale across different contexts. This study conducts a structured literature review using the PRISMA protocol and the ADO–TCM (Antecedents–Decisions–Outcomes–Theories–Context–Method) framework to systematically synthesize the BaaS literature. The findings demonstrate that BaaS adoption is primarily driven by the interplay of battery cost dynamics, infrastructure readiness, and regulatory support. The analysis further reveals that service-oriented models, such as battery leasing, swapping, and platform-based ecosystems, enhance affordability, reduce lifecycle costs, and improve operational efficiency compared to traditional ownership-based models. In addition, BaaS supports circular economy outcomes through centralized battery management, second-life applications, and improved resource recovery. Despite these advancements, the review identifies critical gaps related to consumer adoption behaviour, regional policy variation, and the integration of environmental performance metrics. By integrating fragmented research into a unified analytical framework, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of BaaS as a systemic innovation in sustainable mobility. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders seeking to design scalable, cost-efficient, and environmentally sustainable EV battery ecosystems.