Port(s). A circular economy framework for sustainable ports in Spain

The objective of this study is to develop a circular economy framework for ports by integrating existing sustainability and circularity strategies while minimizing administrative complexity. Both the European Union and Spain have issued circular economy guidelines, highlighting Level(s), a framework designed for buildings. Spanish ports have been using a sustainability diagnostic system for over a decade, providing a robust foundation of relevant indicators. However, implementing a new framework must address a key barrier: the limited resources available to public administrations, which can hinder the adoption of additional strategies. To ensure feasibility, this study proposes a structured circular economy framework aligned with existing sustainability assessment tools. The framework follows the structure of Level(s), organized around macro-objectives derived through Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping and validated using the Delphi method. Each macro-objective is supported by quantifiable indicators to monitor circular economy implementation. These indicators focus on adapting existing sustainability indicators to the circular economy context, complemented by new ones where necessary. This research advances circular economy integration in ports by leveraging established systems and ensuring regulatory compatibility. The resulting model promotes sustainability and resilience while avoiding additional bureaucratic complexity, offering a practical and adaptable tool for decision-makers and port authorities.