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Modelling the effects of travel time use on mode choice and the value of travel time savings: tackling self-selection and endogeneity bias

Author

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  • de Sá, Ana Luiza S.
  • Lavieri, Patrícia S.
  • Pawlak, Jacek
  • Choudhury, Charisma F.

Abstract

Travel time use (i.e., conducting activities while travelling) can have substantial impacts on crucial transport dimensions: mode choice and the value of travel time savings (VTTS). Preferences for travel-based activities may lead individuals to choose travel modes that best accommodate activity needs. In theory, “passengerised” modes, such as public transport and automated vehicles (AVs), could become the preferred options, as they enable a wider range of activities. This potential to use in-vehicle time could, in turn, decrease VTTS, thereby reducing resistance to longer journeys. However, previous research has faced challenges in disentangling these effects due to self-selection and endogeneity bias. This study aims to investigate the effects of travel time use on mode choice and VTTS while addressing these challenges. To achieve this, it employs an attitude-based approach to capture mode choice self-selection and control endogeneity in VTTS estimates by considering traveller- and travel-related characteristics that influence travel time use and accounting for value of time heterogeneity. Results suggest that the construct capturing the causal effect of travel time use on mode choice increases the probability of choosing rail modes in journeys over 5 km and car driving in journeys shorter than 5 km, confirming the presence of self-selection. Regarding VTTS, accounting for traveller and travel context characteristics yielded non-significant effects of travel-based activities on VTTS, suggesting that this approach may effectively control for endogeneity bias. These findings have implications for road safety, residential location choice, and potential AV-related behavioural changes, all of which have consequences for transport planning, policy, and appraisal. Overall, this study highlights the importance of accounting for travel time use to achieve a more realistic representation of activity-travel behaviour.

Suggested Citation

  • de Sá, Ana Luiza S. & Lavieri, Patrícia S. & Pawlak, Jacek & Choudhury, Charisma F., 2026. "Modelling the effects of travel time use on mode choice and the value of travel time savings: tackling self-selection and endogeneity bias," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:212:y:2026:i:c:s0965856426003241
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2026.105183
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