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30 years of tendering regional rail services in Germany – A data-based analysis of long-term effects and the impact of network characteristics on competition

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  • Wirth, Finn
  • Weik, Norman

Abstract

Competitive tendering has been a key pillar of the European railway reforms since the 1990s. As outlined in EC 1370/2007, these reforms aim to reduce subsidies and enhance competition in public transport. Germany adopted this policy early through its regionalisation reform in 1996. In view of the looming 30-year anniversary of competitive tendering of regional rail services in Germany, this paper reviews and assesses the long-term effects of intramodal competition.

Suggested Citation

  • Wirth, Finn & Weik, Norman, 2026. "30 years of tendering regional rail services in Germany – A data-based analysis of long-term effects and the impact of network characteristics on competition," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:211:y:2026:i:c:s0965856426002557
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2026.105114
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