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Value of time multipliers for walk time, wait time, service headway, displacement time, reliability and congested travel time: review and meta-analysis of worldwide evidence

Author

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  • Wardman, Mark
  • Murphy, Paul
  • Ojeda-Cabral, Manuel
  • Mitrani, Alex
  • Neki, Kazuyuki
  • Humphreys, Richard Martin

Abstract

This study provides the most comprehensive review and meta-analysis of time multipliers that are fundamental to transport planning and appraisal. The attributes covered are: walk time, wait time, access/egress time, connection time, out-of-vehicle time and service headway, which are largely characteristics of public transport trips; travel time in various degrees of congestion and parking search time, which are features of car travel; displacement time; and a range of variables related to travel time variability. The evidence assembled covers 2872 multipliers drawn from 606 studies across 52 countries over the years 1963 to 2023.

Suggested Citation

  • Wardman, Mark & Murphy, Paul & Ojeda-Cabral, Manuel & Mitrani, Alex & Neki, Kazuyuki & Humphreys, Richard Martin, 2026. "Value of time multipliers for walk time, wait time, service headway, displacement time, reliability and congested travel time: review and meta-analysis of worldwide evidence," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:207:y:2026:i:c:s0965856426000662
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2026.104925
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