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Exploring in-store and e-shopping against disruptive events: A cross-lagged panel SEM

Author

Listed:
  • Elizondo-Candanedo, Raúl F.
  • Arranz-López, Aldo
  • Acker, Veronique Van
  • Grant-Muller, Susan
  • Dijst, Martin

Abstract

This paper addresses a key gap in the literature by examining the dynamic and bidirectional relationship between in-store and e-shopping frequency during different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies primarily rely on cross-sectional data which fail to capture the temporal evolution and bidirectional nature of these behaviours. To overcome these limitations, this study implements a Random Intercept Cross-lagged Structural Equation Modelling (RI-CLPM) approach using three waves of panel data. Taking Luxembourg as the case study, the paper investigates the modifications in in-store shopping-related travel behaviour by evaluating shifts in trip frequency for three periods: pre-pandemic, post-peak, and relaxed measures phase. The results showed a significant shift in shopping frequency between the pre-pandemic and post-peak phase, evidencing substitution and complementarity effects both on individual as well as group level. Moreover, ANOVA and chi-square tests suggested that age and gender significantly influence in-store shopping frequency for these periods. However, no significant differences in e-shopping and in-store shopping frequencies were observed between the post-peak and the relaxed measures period. These findings provide critical insights for understanding shopping behaviour transitions and offer valuable guidance for transport policymaking. The paper closes by discussing how RI-CLPM models may improve transport policymaking, in the context of future disruptions, considering their potential for: (i) isolating policy impacts amid individual differences, (ii) addressing stable and dynamic shopping behaviours, and (iii) dealing with longitudinal data that allows for adaptive policy design.

Suggested Citation

  • Elizondo-Candanedo, Raúl F. & Arranz-López, Aldo & Acker, Veronique Van & Grant-Muller, Susan & Dijst, Martin, 2025. "Exploring in-store and e-shopping against disruptive events: A cross-lagged panel SEM," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:197:y:2025:i:c:s0965856425001338
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2025.104505
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    References listed on IDEAS

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