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The battery-swapping revolution: Exploring user preferences in electric micro-mobility sector

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  • Zhang, Fan
  • Lv, Huitao
  • Kuai, Chenchen
  • Feng, Tao

Abstract

Battery swapping services (BSS) offer innovative solutions to address the challenges of charging, safety, and battery management for electric micro-mobility vehicles (EMVs), such as electric bicycles and mopeds. However, the preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for BSS among EMV users remain uncertain. This study examines consumer preferences for battery-swapping versus rechargeable EMVs within the Chinese market, identifying key factors that influence user choices. We employ a Stated Preference (SP) approach combined with a hybrid choice model (HCM) to assess both the economic viability and psychological impacts, including risk perception and social influence. Key findings demonstrate a higher willingness to pay for battery-swapping EMVs due to reduced charging time and enhanced safety features. Specifically, consumers are willing to pay an additional $2.86 for each minute reduction in facility accessibility time and an additional $27.52 for the safety features of battery-swapping EMVs. Existing users of traditional EMVs show a strong preference for BSS, willing to pay an additional $97.86. Frequent riders, who are more cost-sensitive, prefer rechargeable EMVs and are willing to reduce their expenditure by $47.95. In contrast, long-distance riders value battery endurance and are willing to pay an additional $55.96 for battery-swapping EMVs. These findings deepen our understanding of consumer behavior and provide valuable insights for policymakers and manufacturers aiming to optimize EMV adoption strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Fan & Lv, Huitao & Kuai, Chenchen & Feng, Tao, 2025. "The battery-swapping revolution: Exploring user preferences in electric micro-mobility sector," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:194:y:2025:i:c:s0965856425000448
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2025.104416
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    1. Zhang, Fan & Lv, Huitao & Liu, Yang & Yang, Ying & Wong, Melvin & Qu, Xiaobo, 2025. "Optimizing battery-swapping systems management for electric micro-mobility: A reinforcement learning approach," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    2. Zhang, Fan & Lv, Huitao & Xing, Qiang & Liao, Feixiong, 2025. "Dynamic and personalized battery-swapping recommendations for electric micro-mobility vehicles: Leveraging deep reinforcement learning," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).

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