Cyber-physical multi-energy systems: Towards an integrated energy system – A review

The transition to a decarbonised energy sector necessitates the integration of diverse energy carriers into a cohesive multi-energy system. This integration extends beyond physical infrastructure to include cyber layers that enable secure and efficient cross-vector operations. However, the expansion of cyber-physical systems (CPS) in energy networks introduces challenges related to cybersecurity, data governance, operational control, system resilience, real-time synchronisation, and interoperability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of research studies and industrial initiatives on CPS for multi-energy systems from 2019 to 2024, highlighting major technical approaches proposed by the academic community. Key innovations include the deployment of AI-based algorithms for forecasting, optimisation, and addressing cybersecurity threats in energy systems. Other key developments include the use of digital twins for enhanced monitoring and management of renewable energy assets, as well as predictive maintenance, and the integration of digital capabilities into the operational control of energy systems. The review also details state estimation techniques and cybersecurity approaches to mitigate risks associated with large-scale CPS expansion. Additionally, this study examines how CPS has begun to integrate social aspects, including end-user preferences and societal impacts, into the operations of cyber-physical energy systems. This is supported by a novel standardised cyber-physical-social energy systems (CPSES) architecture, which extends the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) to provide a structured framework for social multi-energy systems. This study serves as a critical resource for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders aiming to advance the integration of digital technologies and CPS in the energy transition.