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Integration of high-frequency injection methods for sensorless control of PMSMs in next-generation transportation systems: Principles, challenges, and solutions

Author

Listed:
  • Diao, Kaikai
  • Ding, Yunpeng
  • Wang, Qunjing
  • Qian, Zhe
  • Deng, Wenzhe
  • Sun, Zehui
  • Chen, Qixu
  • Wu, Lijian

Abstract

In recent years, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have gained widespread adoption in transportation systems by virtue of their competitive advantages, including high torque density, low torque ripple, and enhanced reliability. As a key technology for sensorless control of PMSMs, the high-frequency (HF) signal injection method demonstrates the exceptional position estimation capability in the zero and low-speed ranges. It compensates for the shortcomings of the traditional back-electromotive force based observation method that fails in this low-speed domain. In contrast to existing reviews, in addition to providing a comprehensive review of the principles of sensorless control of PMSMs using HF signal injection, this paper establishes a systematic framework to analyze the physical-level non-idealities in the HF signal injection scheme, such as motor characteristics and drive system constraints. Besides, several key trends in sensorless control are discussed, clearly linking these advanced sensorless solutions to the demanding operational requirements of next-generation transportation systems. All the highlighted insights and recommendations of this review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts toward the robust operation of PMSMs.

Suggested Citation

  • Diao, Kaikai & Ding, Yunpeng & Wang, Qunjing & Qian, Zhe & Deng, Wenzhe & Sun, Zehui & Chen, Qixu & Wu, Lijian, 2026. "Integration of high-frequency injection methods for sensorless control of PMSMs in next-generation transportation systems: Principles, challenges, and solutions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:239:y:2026:i:c:s1364032126004065
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.117107
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