A comprehensive review of the sustainable utilization of cellulosic fruit peel biomass for advanced applications

Fruit production in horticulture has increased substantially; however, there is a mounting rise in fruit peel waste after the consumption of the fruit. This review examines the valorization of fruit peels into high-value products across various industrial sectors, including the food packaging, energy conversion, and dye industries. It highlights the application in bio-based food packaging materials, focusing on barrier properties, water solubility, biodegradability, and thermal stability. Current challenges—including limited mechanical strength, microbial resistance, and market readiness—are discussed alongside emerging solutions such as nanocomposite reinforcement, green solvent processing, and smart packaging technologies. The review further explores the conversion of fruit peels into biofuels, contributing to renewable energy generation and waste-to-energy initiatives, as well as their utilization as bioadsorbents for the removal of heavy metals, dyes, and other pollutants from tannery wastewater. By integrating packaging applications, biofuel production, and environmental remediation within a unified framework, this study provides a comprehensive perspective on fruit peel valorization, supporting sustainable technologies and the circular bioeconomy.