From source to storage: An extensive review of hydrogen production, purification and storage for modern energy applications

The future of clean energy hinges on efficient and safe hydrogen storage, with high-pressure technologies playing a pivotal role. This extensive review delves into the various methods of storing hydrogen at high pressures with a critical assessment of their advantages and limitations. It covers the widely employed compressed gaseous hydrogen to the cutting-edge metal hydride technologies. The different high-pressure storage tanks like Type I-cylinder; Type II-cylinder; Type III-cylinder; Type IV-cylinder and the new Type V-cylinder are discussed in detail. In each type, the pros and cons are highlighted and the difference between applications between each type is enumerated. By systematically comparing these technologies, the review equips researchers with the knowledge needed to identify the optimal storage solution for their specific application. Additionally, it highlights the key challenges associated with these advanced storage systems, equipping researchers with the foresight needed to overcome them. The review concludes by promising research directions in high-pressure hydrogen storage, paving the way for a sustainable and efficient hydrogen economy.