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Advances and challenges in small-scale carbon-free fuel combustion systems and performance optimization strategies for micro-combustors

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  • Rong, Hui
  • Zhao, Dan

Abstract

This study reviews recent advances in small-scale combustion systems, focusing on carbon-free fuels, combustion characteristics, and innovative design strategies. Hydrogen and ammonia exhibit complementary properties. Hydrogen offers high flame speed but is prone to flashback, while ammonia enables safer storage yet suffers from low reactivity. Hydrogen–ammonia co-combustion enhances flame stability, expands operating limits, and reduces emissions, highlighting its potential for clean-energy applications. At small scales, strong wall effects, low Reynolds numbers, and limited thermal feedback impair flame self-sustainability, emphasizing the need for improved thermal management and structural optimization. Geometric optimization and porous-medium integration improve flame anchoring, extend residence time, and suppress nitrogen oxides formation. Premixed and non-premixed modes involve trade-offs between efficiency and safety, which can be mitigated through catalytic combustion and fuel co-firing. Overall, micro-thermal photovoltaic systems demonstrate strong potential for compact carbon-free power generation.

Suggested Citation

  • Rong, Hui & Zhao, Dan, 2026. "Advances and challenges in small-scale carbon-free fuel combustion systems and performance optimization strategies for micro-combustors," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:231:y:2026:i:c:s1364032126000468
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116747
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