High-power optical photovoltaic transmission: towards a new paradigm

High-power optical transmission (HPOT) holds transformative potential for revolutionizing energy delivery, offering a groundbreaking leap forward in how power is supplied and accessed. By utilizing a monochromatic light source as emitter and an optical photovoltaic converter as receiver, HPOT systems enable the sustainable transfer of kilowatts of power over hundreds of kilometers, overcoming the limitations of conventional copper wiring. This technology unlocks an extensive range of applications, from underwater environments to outer space, while driving disruptive advances in strategic fields such as energy supply, defense, communications, and healthcare. This work provides a comprehensive review of HPOT systems, including both optical wireless power transmissions and power-over-fiber systems. It begins with a historical overview and a description of the key performance indicators of the technology, followed by an evaluation of suitable high-power light sources. Then, the physical phenomena affecting light propagation are examined, as well as tracking mechanisms and safety measures that must be considered. Next, the photovoltaic receiver is analyzed in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic losses, and a comprehensive compilation of state-of-the-art performance results is presented. Finally, terrestrial and space prospective applications are explored, along with a survey of HPOT demonstrations conducted to date. Through a detailed research of the advantages, challenges, and key achievements of HPOT technology, this review aims to provide valuable insights to accelerate its development and adoption, paving the way for a more connected and sustainable future.