Building Integrated Photovoltaics: a multi-level design review for optimized implementation

This study presents the importance of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) as a renewable energy solution in urban environments considering the urgency to decarbonize the energy consumption in cities. It explores a multi-level design approach, reviewing BIPV systems at the building, electrical, module, and solar cell levels, and addresses the technical and social challenges hindering its widespread adoption. By utilizing building surfaces for on-site electricity generation, BIPV is fundamental to support the energy transition necessary to lower the dependence on fossil fuels in the energy sector, transforming the consumption of energy in buildings less polluting and more resilient. BIPV integrates photovoltaic cells into the building envelope, turning components like tiles, cladding, and windows into electricity-generating surfaces while also providing insulation, weather protection, noise reduction, and other functions. Logically following the design intentions and scope of specific projects, BIPV can be included in any part of the building that is exposed to the sun and has the potential to generate electricity. Although c-Si based PV technology is the dominant in the BIPV industry, products with 2nd and 3rd generations of solar cells are present in the market providing varied possibilities of applications to attend different demands in terms of design, functionality, and aesthetics. The design of BIPV systems influences the energy performance, environmental comfort, and aesthetics of buildings, the variety of colours and textures beyond traditional dark blue panels enhances the visual appeal and contributes to public acceptance. Currently, the main challenges for BIPV adoption include high initial costs and information on investment payback time for decision-making and early adoption. Despite advances in system efficiency and design, further research is needed to consolidate BIPV as a more affordable and attractive alternative to replace conventional envelope materials in buildings of diversified typologies.