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Novel hydrogen fuel cell vehicle-to-grid strategy for peak shaving in renewable-powered residential microgrids

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  • Federici, Leonardo
  • Cozzolino, Raffaello
  • Tribioli, Laura

Abstract

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources in residential microgrids introduces challenges for peak load management and grid stability. Hydrogen-powered fuel cell electric vehicles offer a promising solution by combining mobility with distributed energy storage. This study investigates vehicle-to-grid operation of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles that can efficiently alleviate short-term peak demand occurrences, providing targeted flexibility and reinforcing microgrid resilience. A Matlab/Simulink simulation model of a residential microgrid with 8.2 MW of maximum solar power and 4.5 MW of maximum wind turbines power was developed, considering a fleet of 15 vehicles. A stochastic real-world driving schedule was assigned to each vehicle, and the peak shaving service was evaluated over the entire annual simulation period. Across 28 recorded peak shaving events, the fleet delivered a peak shaved energy of 8.201 MWh out of 17.203 MWh demanded, corresponding to an overall peak load reduction capability of 47.67% and an event-based fulfillment rate of 71.43%. For a representative three-day case study (July 3–5), the fleet delivered 1.919 MWh against 3.331 MWh demanded, yielding an aggregated peak load reduction capability of 57.60%, with full service satisfaction on July 4. The results confirm the technical feasibility of fuel cell vehicle based peak shaving in a renewable-powered residential microgrid and the effective contribution of hydrogen mobility assets to ancillary grid services. Greater FCEV market penetration and hybrid integration with battery electric vehicles or battery storage systems are identified as key enablers for service reliability and completeness.

Suggested Citation

  • Federici, Leonardo & Cozzolino, Raffaello & Tribioli, Laura, 2026. "Novel hydrogen fuel cell vehicle-to-grid strategy for peak shaving in renewable-powered residential microgrids," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:273:y:2026:i:c:s0960148126009687
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2026.126142
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