The role of photovoltaic energy in Arctic energy system transition: Technical potential and challenges in Longyearbyen, Svalbard

Longyearbyen, the administrative center of the Svalbard archipelago, is undergoing a transition from a fossil fuel-based energy system toward a fully zero-emission system. This transition involves renewable generation and flexibility options, including photovoltaic energy, wind power, waste heat recovery and both short and long-term energy storage. This study evaluates the role of photovoltaic electricity within this broader energy system transition, focusing on its technical potential, limitations, and system-level implications under Arctic conditions. The study investigates the impact of extreme climatic factors, such as low temperatures, strong seasonal variability, snow and icing, snow drift, and permafrost, on photovoltaic system performance, design, and operation. Energy yield and capacity factors are assessed using simulations and empirical data from Arctic photovoltaic installations, alongside an evaluation of climate-adapted design strategies, including tilt angles, tracking systems and bifacial modules. The results indicate that photovoltaic systems can be reliably implemented in Longyearbyen through rooftop installations, ground mounted solar parks and building-integrated systems when appropriately adapted to local conditions. The findings further show strong seasonal complementarity between photovoltaic and wind resources, emphasizing the importance of integrated renewable energy and storage solutions for achieving system reliability. Overall, the study demonstrates that photovoltaic energy can have a meaningful role in Arctic energy system transition, supporting the development of resilient, low carbon, and sustainable energy system in remote northern communities.