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Digital/4.0 technologies for affordable and clean energy in agriculture: Recent applications and forward-looking strategic directions

Author

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  • Parra-López, Carlos
  • Carmona-Torres, Carmen

Abstract

The agricultural sector plays a dual role as a major energy consumer and a potential producer of renewable energy. The strategic integration of digital and Industry 4.0 technologies within the sector is key to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), which aims to provide everyone with affordable, clean energy. This review systematically maps applications of key technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), nanotechnology and robotics, against the five SDG 7 targets: universal access; renewable energy share; energy efficiency; R&D investment; and services for developing countries. Moving beyond a description of the current state of the art, this review defines critical strategic directions for future R&D: advancing AI from predictive to autonomous control systems; developing green and energy-efficient IoT with self-powered, biodegradable sensors; exploring nano-bio synergies for enhanced bioenergy production; improving the energy efficiency and autonomy of agricultural vehicles and robotics; and designing integrated hybrid systems that co-produce food and energy. Barriers to implementation are also analysed, including the digital divide, high initial costs, and sustainability trade-offs. Finally, a set of actionable policy recommendations are proposed to guide governments and international bodies in fostering a sustainable energy transition in agriculture.

Suggested Citation

  • Parra-López, Carlos & Carmona-Torres, Carmen, 2026. "Digital/4.0 technologies for affordable and clean energy in agriculture: Recent applications and forward-looking strategic directions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:268:y:2026:i:c:s0960148126006695
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2026.125843
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