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High-yield catalytic Co-pyrolysis of polypropylene waste and Chlorella vulgaris into biofuel using a biomass-derived Co–Mo/AC–ZSM-5 catalyst

Author

Listed:
  • Hamd, Marwan I.
  • Abdulkareem, Hiba A.
  • Gheni, Saba A.
  • Ahmed, Noorlhuda N.
  • Jasim, Farah T.
  • Ali, Mudheher M.
  • Karakullukcu, Nalan T.

Abstract

The growing environmental crisis from plastic waste calls for innovative and sustainable solutions. In this study, we developed a novel catalytic system for converting polypropylene waste into high-quality biofuel using a Co-Mo/AC-ZSM-5 composite catalyst synthesized from date palm seeds and natural Iraqi kaolin. Extensive catalyst characterization through XRD, TGA, BET, and SEM-EDX confirmed successful Co-Mo incorporation, thermal stability, and favorable surface properties. To improve polypropylene conversion efficiency and increase the liquid bio-oil yield, Chlorella vulgaris biomass was incorporated as a natural co-feedstock. The catalyst exhibited high activity, selectivity, and stability across multiple pyrolysis cycles. At just 325 °C and high pressure, this method produces near-complete oil reserves (above 99 wt%). Thus, it proves a level of conversion significantly higher than that reported in previous research at the same or increased temperatures. This integrated approach offers a promising route for transforming plastic and biomass waste into renewable energy resources, contributing to sustainable energy systems and environmental protection.

Suggested Citation

  • Hamd, Marwan I. & Abdulkareem, Hiba A. & Gheni, Saba A. & Ahmed, Noorlhuda N. & Jasim, Farah T. & Ali, Mudheher M. & Karakullukcu, Nalan T., 2026. "High-yield catalytic Co-pyrolysis of polypropylene waste and Chlorella vulgaris into biofuel using a biomass-derived Co–Mo/AC–ZSM-5 catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:266:y:2026:i:c:s0960148126005422
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2026.125717
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