Integrated planning of supercharging networks for port drayage electrification: A transportation-power system coordination approach

Electrifying port drayage operations demands extensive supercharging infrastructure, yet the concentrated high-power loads from Electric Drayage Trucks (EDTs) impose significant stress on distribution networks. This paper proposes an integrated planning methodology that coordinates supercharging infrastructure deployment with power system constraints. A spatial charging demand model is first developed to characterize heterogeneous energy consumption across container transport tasks and fleet charging behavior under various operational modes. A bi-level optimization framework is then formulated: the upper-level minimizes total social costs spanning transportation and energy sectors, while the lower-level captures coupled network equilibrium through the Wardrop principle for charging station selection and market clearing for power dispatch. Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) serves as the coupling mechanism, transmitting spatial price signals that redistribute charging demand as concentrated loads alter power flows. Case study results demonstrate that the coordinated approach achieves a 54.53% reduction in average LMP and a 7.66% decrease in total social costs compared to transportation-only planning. The optimized infrastructure exhibits a multi-center topology, strategically shifting capacity from congested port areas to railway hubs and inland centers with superior grid conditions. Sensitivity analysis reveals that coordination benefits are most pronounced at medium electrification levels, providing critical guidance for phased infrastructure investment.