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Bio-oil as a Promising Product from Co-liquefaction of Dairy Wastewater Grown Microalgae with Dairy Sludge: Study on Synergistic Effect and Sustainable Energy Generation

Author

Listed:
  • Singh, Pooja
  • Mohanty, Kaustubha

Abstract

This work investigated the co-hydrothermal liquefaction (Co-HTL) of algal biomass and dairy sludge for bio-oil production. The study formulated the three co-HTL ratios of algae and dairy sludge (75:25, 50:50, 25:75) and compared them with individual feedstocks. On comparing HTL of individual feedstocks, microalgae yielded higher bio-oil (33.50 %) than dairy sludge (18.16 %). However, the similar bio-oil yield of 32.94 wt% was observed for co-HTL of 75:25 ratio (algae to dairy sludge) with a heating value of 38.24 MJ kg−1, highest compared to other feedstock ratios. The co-HTL bio-oil resulted in an increased atomic H/C and decreased O/C and N/C ratio. A lower O/C and higher H/C in the co-HTL bio-oil was observed due to deoxygenation and dehydration reactions. The Sankey diagram illustrated that combining both feedstocks have similar carbon recovery to KMC4, while nitrogen distribution remains similar to dairy sludge-feed scenarios, with the majority ending up in the “others” products. The bio-oil derived by co-HTL of co-feedstocks exhibited improved quality, characterized by decreased levels of N-heterocyclic, aromatics, and increased esters with better calorific value. The thermal stability profile suggested that a better boiling point compounds in bio-oil was observed from co-HTL of dairy sludge and microalgae (25:75) with enhanced heavy naphtha and kerosene fractions. The study also observed that dairy sludge as feedstock alone does not showed enhanced bio-oil yield and quality. From the approach of effective conversion of co-feedstock to valuable products, the co-HTL derived bio-oil can be used as an alternative in bioenergy sector after upgradation studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Singh, Pooja & Mohanty, Kaustubha, 2026. "Bio-oil as a Promising Product from Co-liquefaction of Dairy Wastewater Grown Microalgae with Dairy Sludge: Study on Synergistic Effect and Sustainable Energy Generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:265:y:2026:i:c:s096014812600399x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2026.125574
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