Optimal configuration and operation of multi-energy commercial buildings considering source-load uncertainties and battery degradation in different climatic conditions

Energy conservation and carbon reduction in commercial buildings are crucial for addressing the global energy and environmental crises. Integrating photovoltaic, multi-energy storage technology, and combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) in commercial buildings offers an effective solution. The operation of buildings under different climate conditions, combined with varying source-load uncertainties, creates unique supply-demand relationships that influence the integration and operation of energy equipment, particularly the lifespan and performance of energy storage batteries. Incorporating the climate factors, this paper proposes a seasonal week-part grouping scenario generation method for uncertainty models and establishes a temperature-based battery degradation model within a stochastic optimization framework for buildings. After this establishment, case studies were conducted in cities selected based on regional division of buildings in China, and the accuracy of generated scenarios was verified by using shape dynamic time warping (SDTW). Results indicate that multi-energy operations can reduce annual operating costs and carbon emissions by over 50% compared to traditional buildings. With degradation explicitly modeled, the optimization encourages operating strategies that slow battery aging, leading to an equivalent service life of 11-12.8 years instead of the fixed 10-year lifespan and yielding an annual cost reduction of about 3% across the five cities. In addition, cross-regional analyses are performed to evaluate the impact of annual and seasonal climate conditions on optimal sizing, operation, and battery degradation.