Dynamic heat extraction and development optimization of enhanced geothermal system based on forward simulation and data-driven methods-A review

Achieving efficient development of hot dry rock (HDR) facilitates the transition of the energy structure from high-carbon to low-carbon and even carbon-free, accelerates the substitution process for fossil fuels, and provides robust support for the green transformation of the global energy system. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of mechanistic models (forward simulation), data-driven models, mechanism and data-driven models, and development scheme optimization for HDR heat extraction. Within mechanistic models, we focus on elaborating the research status and development suggestions for discrete fracture network (DFN) models. Subsequently, the research status of data-driven models, as well as mechanistic and data-driven models, in the field of HDR development is thoroughly discussed. Regarding HDR development scheme optimization, a systematic evaluation is conducted from two aspects: well pattern deployment and production systems. Finally, development prospects are highlighted from three key areas: fundamental theories of HDR heat extraction, mechanism and data-driven models, and HDR development scheme optimization. This paper aims to establish a theoretical and methodological foundation for realizing the efficient exploitation of HDR geothermal resources and accelerating the intelligent transformation of geothermal development.