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Green fuel innovation for renewable energy: Engine response optimization of BaTiO3-Modified Spirulina microalgae biodiesel (3rd generation) –diesel blends with RSM

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  • Canan, Ahmet
  • Çalhan, Rahman
  • Uslu, Samet

Abstract

In the present study, biodiesel was produced via transesterification from Spirulina microalgae oil (SMO) to develop a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative fuel. The produced biodiesel was blended with commercial diesel fuel at different ratios and tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine under six engine load conditions ranging from 500 to 3000 W. Based on performance and emission evaluations, the B10D90 blend was identified as the most suitable base fuel. Subsequently, barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles were added to the B10D90 blend at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 ppm to enhance combustion behavior and reduce exhaust emissions. The combined effects of engine load and nanoparticle concentration were systematically analyzed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to identify optimal operating conditions. The results indicate that BaTiO3 nanoparticle addition improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced brake specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions under optimized conditions. Overall, the findings demonstrate that BaTiO3-assisted microalgae biodiesel–diesel blends offer a promising approach for improving engine performance and emission characteristics, highlighting the potential of nanoparticle-assisted biofuels for cleaner and more sustainable diesel engine operation.

Suggested Citation

  • Canan, Ahmet & Çalhan, Rahman & Uslu, Samet, 2026. "Green fuel innovation for renewable energy: Engine response optimization of BaTiO3-Modified Spirulina microalgae biodiesel (3rd generation) –diesel blends with RSM," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:261:y:2026:i:c:s0960148126001564
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2026.125331
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