From potential to production: A strategic framework for fostering a national solar photovoltaic industry in Uzbekistan

Solar energy systems offer a global opportunity for green growth and low-carbon pathways. This study analyzes Uzbekistan's solar energy manufacturing sector using Developmentalist, Neo-Schumpeterian, and Green Technology Innovation Theory, thereby proposing national strategic priorities. Employing a mixed-methods approach—including systematic literature review (336 resources), cross-national case analysis (Germany, China, India), insights from 67 expert interviews, and field investigations—the study establishes four analytical pillars (financing, technological competitiveness, protection and development policies, and industrial infrastructure) and identifies 31 evaluative sub-criteria via SWOT analysis. Through integration with the TOWS matrix, 24 policy alternatives were derived, which were then prioritized using the Entropy-TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making analysis. Subsequently, these alternatives were functionally categorized into three tiers, which serve as an optimized framework for interpretation and decision-making. This multi-layered approach constitutes a distinct element of originality that clearly distinguishes this study from previous research. Results show that securing financing (entropy weight: 0.378) is the most influential criterion, with the establishment of a comprehensive photovoltaic industry development plan ranked as the top policy priority. These findings provide tailored policy insights for Uzbekistan and offer a robust, transferable framework for other emerging economies, guiding parallel implementation with differentiated intensity according to policy leverage.