An intelligent control strategy and power management for a microgrid electrical vehicle application based on a hybrid PV/PEMFC/battery renewable energy system

The growing demand for renewable energy has promoted the development of hybrid microgrids integrating fuel cells(FCs) and photovoltaic(PV) systems. However, the inherent variability of these sources, coupled with dynamic load conditions in standalone microgrids, often causes power imbalance, inefficient energy allocation, and DC bus voltage fluctuations, thereby threatening system stability and resilience. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a robust control strategy for a standalone AC/DC hybrid microgrid integrating FCs, PVs, local AC/DC loads, and electric vehicle batteries (EVBs). This study proposes a hybrid fuzzy logic and proportional–integral control (FLC-PI) to optimize power harvesting from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and enhance supply stability; a grasshopper optimization algorithm-based maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) to improve PV power tracking efficiency; and an intelligent linear active disturbance rejection (LADRC) control strategy for the EVB to ensure fast DC bus voltage regulation in the hybrid microgrid. The proposed hybrid FLC–PI cascade stabilizes PEMFC power with a fast 0.004 s response, zero overshoot, and strong disturbance rejection; the GHO-based MPPT improves PV tracking with 0.007 s response, 10.33 % overshoot, 0.57 % relative error, and 225.87 J energy yield; and the LADRC-based EVB controller regulates the DC bus voltage within 0.1 s with low steady-state oscillations. Moreover, the proposed control strategy outperforms existing methods, achieving greater stability, faster response, and higher efficiency. It maximizes renewable energy use and harnesses EV battery dynamics to manage load and solar fluctuations, enhancing the resilience and reliability of standalone DC microgrids.