IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v259y2026ics0960148125028022.html

Multi-objective techno-economic optimization of hybrid photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems for electric vehicle charging stations

Author

Listed:
  • Neto, Daywes Pinheiro
  • Coimbra, António Paulo
  • Moura, Pedro
  • de Almeida, Tony Richard
  • de Almeida, Aníbal Traça

Abstract

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a growing demand for cost-effective charging infrastructure. However, integrating renewable energy sources into EV charging stations (EVCSs) presents economic and operational challenges, mainly due to the high costs of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and the variability of photovoltaic (PV) generation. To address these challenges, this study proposes a methodology for the techno-economic assessment of EVCSs integrated with hybrid PV and BESS, using a multi-objective optimization framework. The approach combines detailed technical modeling of PV generation, BESS degradation, charge–discharge losses, charging demand profiles, and energy dispatch strategies, with an economic model that incorporates net metering regulations and taxation policies affecting EVCS operators. This integrated framework enables a comprehensive assessment of the economic viability of hybrid PV–BESS systems. Case study results for Goiânia, Brazil, emphasize the significant influence of tariff structures, BESS costs, and peak-hour energy export incentives on economic viability. Sensitivity analysis and optimization results show that BESS costs and peak tariffs are the most influential parameters. While reductions in BESS costs and increases in peak tariffs enhance economic returns, BESS integration is economically advantageous at lower peak tariffs (0.35 USD/kWh) only if costs drop to very low levels (100 USD/kWh). The optimization model also provides the optimal sizing of PV and BESS capacities, as well as the optimal BESS scheduling over a 24-hour period, ensuring cost-effectiveness while maximizing energy utilization and profitability.

Suggested Citation

  • Neto, Daywes Pinheiro & Coimbra, António Paulo & Moura, Pedro & de Almeida, Tony Richard & de Almeida, Aníbal Traça, 2026. "Multi-objective techno-economic optimization of hybrid photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems for electric vehicle charging stations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:259:y:2026:i:c:s0960148125028022
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.125138
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148125028022
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2025.125138?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. José F. C. Castro & Augusto C. Venerando & Pedro A. C. Rosas & Rafael C. Neto & Leonardo R. Limongi & Fernando L. Xavier & Wesley M. Rhoden & Newmar Spader & Adriano P. Simões & Nicolau K. L. Dantas &, 2024. "Operation Model Based on Artificial Neural Network and Economic Feasibility Assessment of an EV Fast Charging Hub," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-21, July.
    2. He, Li & Wu, Zhixin, 2024. "Advancing sustainable EV charging infrastructure: A hybrid solar-wind fast charging station with demand response," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PC).
    3. de Jesus, Ábio Xavier Cardoso & Pinheiro Neto, Daywes & Domingues, Elder Geraldo, 2023. "Computational tool for technical-economic analysis of photovoltaic microgeneration in Brazil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    4. Pinheiro Neto, Daywes & Domingues, Elder Geraldo & Coimbra, António Paulo & de Almeida, Aníbal Traça & Alves, Aylton José & Calixto, Wesley Pacheco, 2017. "Portfolio optimization of renewable energy assets: Hydro, wind, and photovoltaic energy in the regulated market in Brazil," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 238-250.
    5. Rehman, Waqas ur & Bo, Rui & Mehdipourpicha, Hossein & Kimball, Jonathan W., 2022. "Sizing battery energy storage and PV system in an extreme fast charging station considering uncertainties and battery degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    6. Zhang, Lei & Huang, Zhijia & Wang, Zhenpo & Li, Xiaohui & Sun, Fengchun, 2024. "An urban charging load forecasting model based on trip chain model for private passenger electric vehicles: A case study in Beijing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
    7. Sharma, Jayant & Sundarabalan, Chinnayan Karuppaiyah & Balasundar, Chelladurai, 2025. "Advanced energy management strategy for enhancing battery lifespan in solar PV-powered EV charging stations with hybrid energy storage systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    8. Sagaria, Shemin & van der Kam, Mart & Boström, Tobias, 2025. "Vehicle-to-grid impact on battery degradation and estimation of V2G economic compensation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
    9. Luke, Justin & Ribeiro, Mateus Gheorghe de Castro & Martin, Sonia & Balogun, Emmanuel & Cezar, Gustavo Vianna & Pavone, Marco & Rajagopal, Ram, 2025. "Optimal coordination of electric buses and battery storage for achieving a 24/7 carbon-free electrified fleet," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PC).
    10. Ozturk, Zafer & Demirci, Alpaslan & Terkes, Musa & Yumurtaci, Recep, 2025. "Optimal planning of solar PV-based electric vehicle charging stations empowered by energy storage system: Feasibility and green charge potential," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    11. Hull, Christopher & Wust, Jacques & Booysen, M.J. & McCulloch, M.D., 2024. "Techno-economic optimization and assessment of solar-battery charging station under grid constraints with varying levels of fleet EV penetration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 374(C).
    12. Shah, Talha Hussain & Shabbir, Altamash & Waqas, Adeel & Janjua, Abdul Kashif & Shahzad, Nadia & Pervaiz, Hina & Shakir, Sehar, 2023. "Techno-economic appraisal of electric vehicle charging stations integrated with on-grid photovoltaics on existing fuel stations: A multicity study framework," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 133-144.
    13. Alexandre F. M. Correia & Pedro Moura & Aníbal T. de Almeida, 2022. "Technical and Economic Assessment of Battery Storage and Vehicle-to-Grid Systems in Building Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-23, November.
    14. Han, Xiaojuan & Liang, Yubo & Ai, Yaoyao & Li, Jianlin, 2018. "Economic evaluation of a PV combined energy storage charging station based on cost estimation of second-use batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 326-339.
    15. Kumar, Rajeev Ranjan & Guha, Pritha & Chakraborty, Abhishek, 2022. "Comparative assessment and selection of electric vehicle diffusion models: A global outlook," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Benoliel, Peter & Taylor, Margaret & Coburn, Timothy & Desai, Ranjit R. & Schey, Stephen & Gerdes, Mindy & Peng, Peng, 2025. "Soft costs and EVSE – Knowledge gaps as a barrier to successful projects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 389(C).
    2. Rehman, Anis Ur & Lu, Junwei & Du, Bo & Bai, Feifei & Sanjari, Mohammad J., 2025. "Efficient Management of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Balancing user preferences and grid demands with energy storage systems and renewable energy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 393(C).
    3. Zhou, Yuekuan & Liu, Xiaohua & Zhao, Qianchuan, 2024. "A stochastic vehicle schedule model for demand response and grid flexibility in a renewable-building-e-transportation-microgrid," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    4. Huang, Wenxin & Wang, Jianguo & Wang, Jianping & Zeng, Haiyan & Zhou, Mi & Cao, Jinxin, 2025. "Assessment of the technical economic viability and carbon reduction potential of urban-scale photovoltaic generation for electric vehicle charging station," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    5. Superchi, Francesco & Moustakis, Antonis & Pechlivanoglou, George & Bianchini, Alessandro, 2025. "On the importance of degradation modeling for the robust design of hybrid energy systems including renewables and storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PD).
    6. Lu Xiao & Feiyue Yang & Yong Yang & Che Chen & Wuer Ha, 2024. "A Sustainable Production Planning Scheme for New Energy Vehicles in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-24, September.
    7. Brockmann, Fabian & Guajardo, Mario, 2026. "Electric vehicle charging costs and power losses under the energy price crisis: shifting dynamics in Norway," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    8. Chenran Jia & Can Ding & Wenhui Chen, 2023. "Research on the Diffusion Model of Electric Vehicle Quantity Considering Individual Choice," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-15, July.
    9. Bach, Amadeus & Onori, Simona & Reichelstein, Stefan & Zhuang, Jihan, 2025. "Fair market value of used capacity assets: Forecasts for repurposed electric vehicle batteries," ZEW Discussion Papers 25-065, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    10. Wang, Zhenni & Tan, Qiaofeng & Wen, Xin & Su, Huaying & Fang, Guohua & Wang, Hao, 2025. "Capacity optimization of retrofitting cascade hydropower plants with pumping stations for renewable energy integration: A case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PC).
    11. Liu, Zhongyi & Hu, Bin & Wu, Di & Wang, Ruzhu, 2025. "Electrification and decarbonization in global brewing industry driven by industrial heat pumps," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    12. Luiz Almeida & Ana Soares & Pedro Moura, 2023. "A Systematic Review of Optimization Approaches for the Integration of Electric Vehicles in Public Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-26, June.
    13. Duan, Ditao & Poursoleiman, Roza, 2021. "Modified teaching-learning-based optimization by orthogonal learning for optimal design of an electric vehicle charging station," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    14. Guven, Denizhan & Kayalica, M. Ozgur & Bozdag, C. Erhan, 2026. "Assessing policy interventions for electric vehicle adoption through an agent-based environmental framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 407(C).
    15. Wu, Tianyu & Han, Fengwu & Zhao, Yunlong & Yu, Zishuo, 2025. "A decarbonization-oriented and uncertainty-aware energy management strategy for multi-district integrated energy systems with fair peer-to-peer trading," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    16. Zhou, Yuekuan & Cao, Sunliang & Hensen, Jan L.M., 2021. "An energy paradigm transition framework from negative towards positive district energy sharing networks—Battery cycling aging, advanced battery management strategies, flexible vehicles-to-buildings interactions, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    17. Mariev, Oleg & Sohag, Kazi & Islam, Md. Monirul, 2026. "Lithium import demand and electric vehicle market growth in Europe: Perspectives on economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical turbulence," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    18. Guo, Kaibin & Chen, YuanYi & Yang, Qiang, 2026. "Deep reinforcement learning based coordinated control for integrated energy system with photovoltaic, storage and electric vehicles considering transportation-power network couplings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 403(PA).
    19. Dong, Xiao-Jian & Shen, Jia-Ni & Ma, Zi-Feng & He, Yi-Jun, 2025. "Stochastic optimization of integrated electric vehicle charging stations under photovoltaic uncertainty and battery power constraints," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    20. Liu, Jia & Chen, Xi & Yang, Hongxing & Li, Yutong, 2020. "Energy storage and management system design optimization for a photovoltaic integrated low-energy building," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:259:y:2026:i:c:s0960148125028022. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.