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Development of energy-responsive masonry units using TiO2-enhanced LC3 concrete and embedded phase change materials

Author

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  • Sun, Hanzheng
  • Huang, Liangjun
  • Zhi, Baoping
  • B, Kanimozhi
  • P, Boomadevi

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the development of multifunctional concrete masonry units (CMU) by integrating limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2), and microencapsulated paraffin-based phase change materials (PCM). The objective is to enhance mechanical performance, thermal regulation, and durability for energy-efficient building envelopes. Five mortar mixes-ranging from a control OPC (43 grade)-based mix to those incorporating LC3, TiO2, and PCM were evaluated for compressive and flexural strength, thermal conductivity, thermal lag, specific heat capacity, rapid chloride penetration, and carbonation resistance. Results reveal that LC3 significantly improves long-term strength, chloride resistance, and carbonation durability. TiO2 nanoparticles further enhance matrix densification, mitigate porosity from PCM inclusion, and improve mechanical and durability parameters. While PCM integration improves thermal lag and reduces surface temperatures, it compromises mechanical strength and permeability-issues alleviated by TiO2 inclusion. The combined LC3-PCM-TiO2 mix demonstrated an optimal balance between thermal insulation, mechanical integrity, and durability, supporting its viability for sustainable and thermally responsive masonry applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Sun, Hanzheng & Huang, Liangjun & Zhi, Baoping & B, Kanimozhi & P, Boomadevi, 2026. "Development of energy-responsive masonry units using TiO2-enhanced LC3 concrete and embedded phase change materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PF).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:256:y:2026:i:pf:s0960148125020105
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.124346
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