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Optimization of 5-ethoxymethylfurfural synthesis from inulin via sulfamic acid as efficient and eco-friendly catalyst

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  • Jeong, Gwi-Taek

Abstract

Inulin, a type of fructan, is a naturally occurring carbohydrate polymer found in the roots and/or tubers of various plants. This study investigates the synthesis of 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (5-EMF) from inulin via a hydrothermal reaction using sulfamic acid as an efficient and eco-friendly catalyst. Increased water content significantly inhibited 5-EMF formation. Reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time all had a positive effect on 5-EMF yield, with reaction temperature exerting the most significant influence. The optimized conditions—150 °C reaction temperature, 75 g/L biomass concentration, 0.25 M catalyst concentration, and 15 min reaction time—resulted in a 47.32 % 5-EMF yield, along with 3.45 % 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 0.97 % levulinic acid, and 4.16 % formic acid. The 5-EMF yield peaked at a combined severity factor (CSF) of 1.5, while ethyl levulinate (EL) yield increased rapidly with rising CSF up to 2.0 within the tested range. Similarly, fructose yield declined significantly as CSF increased to 1.5 and then decreased further. These results underscore the potential of using inulin, which is a renewable and sustainable bioresource, and sulfamic acid, which is a green catalyst, to produce valuable compounds.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeong, Gwi-Taek, 2026. "Optimization of 5-ethoxymethylfurfural synthesis from inulin via sulfamic acid as efficient and eco-friendly catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PC).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:256:y:2026:i:pc:s0960148125017628
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.124098
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