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Exploring the viability of cryogenic freezing for safe pretreatment in lithium-ion battery recycling

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Listed:
  • Fang, Zheng
  • Wu, Zhenwei
  • Zeng, Wei
  • Bontempi, Elza
  • Duan, Qiangling
  • Sun, Jinhua
  • Wang, Qingsong

Abstract

Recycling of massive spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is urgently required with the development of electric vehicles and energy storage industries. However, due to their complex composition and uncertain state, spent LIBs pose significant fire hazards during the recycling process. In this work, liquid nitrogen (LN) and dry ice (DI) were utilized as refrigerants to investigate the inerting mechanism and thermal stability of spent LIBs. Post-mortem and thermal analyses indicated that when spent LIBs are subjected to low temperatures (below −60 °C), the solidification of the electrolyte and the separation of internal components cause an increase in internal resistance, leading to a drop in terminal voltage where it cannot deliver energy. Nail penetration tests demonstrated that cryogenic freezing effectively suppresses thermal runaway, reducing peak internal battery temperatures from 921.2 °C to below 150 °C, with a temperature rise rate suppressed to under 3 °C/s. Additionally, DI exhibited a more sustained cooling effect than LN and is proposed as a safer and more cost-effective alternative for enhancing safety in LIBs recycling.

Suggested Citation

  • Fang, Zheng & Wu, Zhenwei & Zeng, Wei & Bontempi, Elza & Duan, Qiangling & Sun, Jinhua & Wang, Qingsong, 2025. "Exploring the viability of cryogenic freezing for safe pretreatment in lithium-ion battery recycling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:252:y:2025:i:c:s0960148125011437
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123481
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wenxin Mei & Zhi Liu & Chengdong Wang & Chuang Wu & Yubin Liu & Pengjie Liu & Xudong Xia & Xiaobin Xue & Xile Han & Jinhua Sun & Gaozhi Xiao & Hwa-yaw Tam & Jacques Albert & Qingsong Wang & Tuan Guo, 2023. "Operando monitoring of thermal runaway in commercial lithium-ion cells via advanced lab-on-fiber technologies," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
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