Unlocking circularity: A stakeholder theory approach to the 10Rs in the solar PV supply chain

The solar PV supply chain has gained momentum in global clean energy transitions, supporting sustainable development goals (SDGs). This progress is closely tied to the value creation potential of the circular economy. However, the transition toward circularity in the solar PV sector is challenged by ineffective stakeholder collaboration, limited coordination, and varying levels of power-interest dynamics. Stakeholder theory provides a useful framework for enhancing strategic and inclusive stakeholder engagement. Despite this, the literature lacks a comprehensive evaluation of circular economy target applicability from the perspective of all stakeholders in the solar PV supply chain. Addressing this gap, the novelty of this study lies in its assessment of the 10R circular economy targets through a real-world case using a BWM-TOPSIS approach. This integrated, theory-driven, and practical framework makes a unique contribution by addressing both conceptual and managerial gaps related to stakeholder dynamics. Findings reveal that reverse supply chain actors currently drive circularity efforts, yet forward and external stakeholders must play a more prominent role to enable a cohesive circular transition. The study also proposes managerial implications that can guide stakeholders in advancing circular strategies, contributing to the achievement of SDGs and the long-term sustainability of the solar PV supply chain.